Free Essays on Marc Quinn ‘Self’

Marc Quinn ‘Self’ 1991; size 81.9 x 24.75 inches ‘Self’ is a blood head design. The craftsmanship development, which Marc Quinn has a place with, is present day workmanship. The piece Self is an exceptionally present day piece it was made in 1991. The primary thing that strikes me about this piece is that it is irregular! The principal believed that came into my head was what amount blood did they use? Furthermore, had anybody at any point made anything like this previously? At the point when I accumulated my examination there was various suppositions about the measure of blood used to make Marc Quinn’s’ ‘self’, a few creators said he had utilized 8 pints and others said 9 pints. His own blood (removed over a five-month time frame) into a silicone model of his head at that point put inside a refrigerated and straightforward Perspex 3D square. As indicated by a portion of the examination Marc Quinn’s designs maybe more than any others have come to represent wilful affectability to the body and mortality encouraged by British workmanship during the 90s. The writing trusts Quinn has decided to utilize his own body as an essential source, saying â€Å" oneself is the thing that one knows best and least simultaneously, throwing the body offers one the chance to see the ‘self.’ while Marc Quinn recognizes that his work might be stunning, he doesn't believe himself to be a â€Å"shock artist†; rather, he is keen on disclosing a specific reality and utilizing science as a methods for encouraging an individual aesthetic articulation. Some workmanship and plan writers trusted Self is referred to all through the craftsmanship world as an amazing symbol and when there is articles about Marc Quinn’s work, it is frequently placed in the bleeding edge as a solid picture. Marc Quinn states it is an extraordinary model that gets individuals keen on his work, as it is an extreme bit of workmanship. Marc Quinn has affected craftsmanship as perusing the exploration about marc Quinn it became clear that he utilizes whatever materials it takes to make his thoughts. Marc Quinn likes to utilize materials for their intrins... Free Essays on Marc Quinn ‘Self’ Free Essays on Marc Quinn ‘Self’ Marc Quinn ‘Self’ 1991; size 81.9 x 24.75 inches ‘Self’ is a blood head design. The craftsmanship development, which Marc Quinn has a place with, is present day workmanship. The piece Self is a cutting edge piece it was made in 1991. The primary thing that strikes me about this piece is that it is irregular! The main idea that came into my head was what amount blood did they use? Furthermore, had anybody at any point made anything like this previously? At the point when I accumulated my examination there was various conclusions about the measure of blood used to make Marc Quinn’s’ ‘self’, a few creators said he had utilized 8 pints and others said 9 pints. His own blood (separated over a five-month time span) into a silicone model of his head at that point set inside a refrigerated and straightforward Perspex solid shape. As indicated by a portion of the examination Marc Quinn’s designs maybe more than any others have come to represent wilful affectability to the body and mortality cultivated by British workmanship during the 90s. The writing trusts Quinn has decided to utilize his own body as an essential source, saying â€Å" oneself is the thing that one knows best and least simultaneously, throwing the body offers one the chance to see the ‘self.’ while Marc Quinn recognizes that his work might be stunning, he doesn't believe himself to be a â€Å"shock artist†; rather, he is keen on divulging a specific reality and utilizing science as a methods for encouraging an individual masterful explanation. Some workmanship and plan columnists trusted Self is referred to all through the craftsmanship world as an amazing symbol and when there is articles about Marc Quinn’s work, it is frequently placed in the cutting edge as a solid picture. Marc Quinn states it is an extraordinary figure that gets individuals keen on his work, as it is an extreme bit of workmanship. Marc Quinn has impacted craftsmanship as perusing the examination about marc Quinn it became evident that he utilizes whatever materials it takes to make his thoughts. Marc Quinn likes to utilize materials for their intrins...

Sixties Essays (1240 words) - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Hippie

Sixties Numerous social changes that were addresses during the 1960s are as yet the issues being gone up against today. The ?60s was a time of social and political change. Inspite of all the strife, there were some positive outcomes: the social liberties upset, John F. Kennedy's strong vision of another boondocks, and the amazing advances in space, achieved progress and success. In any case, there was alot of negative impacts: understudy and hostile to war fight developments, political deaths, and ghetto riots energized American individuals furthermore, brought about absence of regard for power and the law. The decade started under the shadow of the virus war with the Soviet Union, which was exasperated by the U-2 episode, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban rocket emergency. alongside the space race with the USSR. The decade finished under the shadow of the Vietnam war, which profoundly partitioned Americans and their partners and harmed the nation's self-assurance and feeling of direction. Regardless of whether you weren't alive during the ?60s, you realize what they implied when they stated, tune in, turn on, drop out. you know why the country observes Martin Luther King Jr.' birthday. The entirety of the social issues are reflected in the present society: the social equality development, the understudy development, the sexual upset, nature, and progressively disputable of all, Hippies. The sixties is likewise known for its fast birth rate. About 76 million youngsters were destined to this age, and for that they are known as the Gen X-ers. Suprisingly, despite the fact that such huge numbers of kids were being conceived, relatively few guardians realized how to raise them. The guardians of the 50s and 60s were so worried about their general surroundings that going to work was the main picture youngsters had of their dads. Children didn't comprehend why they worked to such an extent just to acquire material belongings. Offspring of this age grew up learning pretty much how to be free and glad. More often than not, when suspecting back to the sixties, individuals caught wind of things, for example, sex, drugs, furthermore, prejudice. Be that as it may, what the regularly will in general neglect is the enormous accentuation opportunities had on the period. This doesn't simply allude to the opportunities as of now controlled by each American of the time. This spotlights on the adolescent's battle to gain opportunity or split away from the qualities and thoughts deserted by the more established age. These battles were utilized to help push for opportunities from territories, for example, society's principles and qualities, rivalry, living for others first, and the more seasoned age's convictions in general. Counting the opportunity to utilize drugs. The more youthful age simply needed an opportunity to communicate their own perspectives as opposed to having to continually capitulate to the perspectives on the more established age. So as to locate these novel and various characteristics in one another and themselves, the more youthful age went to drugs. This was another opportunity which they were required to battle for since the more established age didn't bolster tranquilize use as a wellspring of joy and innovativeness. This could fundamentally be viewed as an out right dismissal of the more seasoned society's qualities. Medications were likewise observed as a opportunity from the real world. At that point empower the young people to get away to an alternate sort of world. Due to the adolescents' incredible want to accomplish an all inclusive feeling of harmony and agreement, drugs were at times a significant piece of one's life. Here and there, they would design a day or night around the utilization of a significant medication so they could appreciate it to the furthest reaches. This could nearly be thought of amusing as in while attempting to increase one opportunity, the capacity to utilize drugs, the young people seemed to have lost another opportunity, the capacity to live their own lives. It appears to be more as though their lives were constrained by the medications also, the medications' belongings than by the individuals themselves. The mix of the insubordination, insurgency, and medications made a significant hipster time. A large number of flower children would run to the gathering capitals of the world for the high of a real existence time. Haight Ashberry, San Francisco, was once viewed as flower child fundamental for the world. Here individuals would simply fix the roads with sedate use, sex, and wild music. In 1967, came the Mid year of Love. This period was similar to the past demonstrations of flower children, simply progressively extreme. Furthermore, to finish off the flower child period, one of the biggest shows on the planet occurred in Woodstock, New York. During a few days of music, sex, and medications were manhandled intensely, nearly to the point of

Othello Essays (465 words) - Othello, English-language Films

Othello By William Shakespeare In the entirety of Shakespeare's extraordinary books there are numerous encounters, shocking or in any case that one can gain from. Shakespeare's tale Othello isn't an exemption this standard. All through Othello there are numerous instances of missteps made by the characters that a peruser can gain from. Gaining from the defects of others is one way that one can learn structure Shakespeare's Othello. In the novel Othello there are a considerable lot of these defects all through the story. There are numerous ways one can gain from the novel Othello. The significant subject all through Othello is that a man named Othello has tragically let his feelings disrupt the general flow of his thinking. In the novel the primary character Othello is a clever, well taught, common man that ought not have let his feelings defeat him. This is one case of a learning experience that is raised in Othello that delineates how one ought not let feelings overwhelm thinking. The subject all through Othello is by all accounts that the astute Othello has allowed his feelings to emotions the best of him. A character named Iago has worked up Othello's feelings. Iago was appeared all through the novel disclosing to Othello lies about his better half and companions. Othello began to consider this to be reality. Othello was apparently mind washed by Iago, into accepting that his better half was unfaithful and his companions had deceived him. This is another case of a learning experience that was brought forward in the novel Othello. The grievous defect that Othello had was the blend of these two defects. This is the thing that Shakespeare appears to communicate as the most significant good experience that happened in Othello. The blend of feelings, for example, envy and doubt settled on Othello settle on unforgiving choices based absolutely on feeling. These feelings were welcomed on by the character Iago compelling his lies on to Othello. Shakespeare appears through these experience not simply Othello's blemishes however one of keeps an eye on own shocking defects. Another less significant defect that was Shakespeare presented in his novel Othello was the issue of hurrying into things. Othello and Desdemona racing into marriage show this. This again is a case of feeling. The demonstration of eloping is by all accounts done when the two are in the warmth of enthusiasm. Again Othello has let his feelings outdo him. In Shakespeare's Othello, there are numerous instances of slip-ups made due to crude feelings. Othello has numerous issues that are appeared all through the course of the novel. In spite of the fact that Othello appears to have a significant number of these flaws his significant shortcoming is that he lets his feelings outwit him. Shakespeare investigates the way that feelings outdo individuals in his play. The major learning experienced all through the play is that one must control ones feelings. Shakespeare shows that even an apparently incredible man, for example, Othello can let feelings direct what he will do. This is the thing that one can gain from Othello.

Creating and Implementing An Agency Policy on Ethics - 1100 Words

Creating and Implementing An Agency Policy on Ethics (Essay Sample) Content: St. Augustine Police Department Code of Ethics Name Institution Date Developing a Code of Ethics With the ongoing negative public perception toward the police and assumed cases of police racial profiling, St. Augustine police department intend to develop a code of ethics on profiling to guide its enforcement officers. The code of ethics will be implemented within the police department and other staffs involved in the enforcement and administration of law and order in the region. The procedure and steps to be used in developing the policy document are detailed below. Developing a policy statement or manual is an extensive process. One of the first step or tasks will be the selection of a policy project chairperson or coordinator. The selection of the right person to lead the process is critical to the success of the development and implementation of the policy statement. The appointed project leader will be given the authority, knowledge, and motivation to lead the process, draft the policy, coordinate meetings, and facilitate the entire policy making process. The project leader will be ethics manager who will be deputized by the compliance officer. The next step will involve formulating an inclusive committee. The policy committee ought to include representatives from areas critical to the departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations. The aim of ensuring a diverse and heterogeneous member is to ensure diversity and enriched contribution. Additionally, involving staffs in the policy formulation process provides a vehicle for the staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s abilities and potentials to be recognized and challenged (Akid, 2001). The inclusion of those with vocal opposition provides a safe channel for discussion and promotes resolution. In developing the code, the initial step will involve gathering adequate information and compiling ideas on what should constitute the ethics policy. A good source of what the policy should entail includes the values of the police department as outlined in the mission statement. The key topics from the information-gathering process will be used to create a foundational outline for the development of the code. The formulated policy committee and representative members will reach a consensus on the content of the policy. During the first meeting, any discussion issue, question, and concerns identified in the preliminary meeting will be noted by the committee coordinator and raised in the subsequent meetings. Using information from the committee, the project coordinator or committee chairperson will develop a draft policy. The copies of the draft will then be sent to each committee member for review and comment. The committee members may individually return the draft copies with their comments to the coordinator who will subsequently convene a group discussion to address concerns from each of the committee member. The committee discussion will also address the validity of the policy statement by addressing any contradictions, inconsistencies, and gaps. After the discussion stage, the coordinator or the committee chairperson and Secretariat will review the comments and contribution from members and make the necessary changes to the draft. The copies of the second draft will be sent back to individual committee members for a second review. In case members raise further issues, the coordinator will summon another meeting to discuss the issues until a consensus or agreement is achieved. The committee chairperson will submit the final draft to the police legal counsel to ensure the drafted or proposed policy comply with the state and federal laws. After the legal review, the legal counsel will send the proposed policy back to the committee chairperson with any comments or proposed changes. Upon the final review, the chairperson will draft the final form of the policy and prepare it for distribution to the various department staff. The policy statement will then be submitted for adoption by the various department heads. The adoption of the policy will legitimize the code and express the departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to instilling and maintaining the ethical culture within the police department. After the adoption by the police department leadership, it is critical to introduce the new policy statement or code to all staff. Like most important corporate-wide initiatives, a wide-scale introduction of the code for its successful implementation (Willey Burke, 2011). As a commitment to ethical behavior and policy begin at the top of the department and trickles down, the department leadership is responsible for unveiling the policy and resources to execute the policy. Resources Requirement The development and implementation of the code of ethics on racial profiling will borrow from federal and state regulations on racial profiling. Best practices from other police departments will be used to guide its implementation. Financial resources will be sourced from the compliance office which will liaise with department leadership to ensure all the necessary resources are dedicated to the process (Tasdoven Kaya, 2014). Human resources to guide the process will be allocated by the human resource department. To ensure continuity of day-to-day functions of the department, the human resource will select representatives from various departments. Communicating the Code The aim, form, content, and tone of a code of ethics have implications on the success of communicati...

Health Issues Essay - 945 Words

Health Issues 1. Physical activity Data regarding physical activity among Puerto Rican individuals are sparse. It is clear that these individuals have relatively high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease, all of which are often accompanied by relative physical inactivity. However, this assumption must be regarded as no more than a hypothesis. 2. Overweight and obesity Puerto Rican diet tends to be relatively high in calories, fat, complex carbohydrates, and sodium. It is somewhat deficient in calcium and vegetables. Younger individuals have abandoned the traditional diet for a more Americanized diet that includes a great deal of fast food, pizza, hot dogs, canned spaghetti,†¦show more content†¦Only 5.8% of Hispanic women report smoking during pregnancy; the reported rate among Puerto Rican women during pregnancy is higher. However, smoking among young Hispanic women, including Puerto Rican women, is lower than for White or African-American young women. Among women who smoke, Puerto Ricans were more likely to be heavy smokers than others (48.6% smoked more than 1/2 pack per day). Overall, among Hispanic men, the smoking rate is 26%, as compared with 27% for White men. It is not clear whether the same rates apply for Puerto Rican men. Tobacco use is disproportionately promoted in minority and Hispanic neighborhoods, including Puerto Rican neighborhoods. 4. Substance abuse A 1984 study of adolescent drinking in Puerto Rican communities suggested a lower rate of alcohol use and abuse in this population. However, problem drinking increased when adolescents left home. The same study found that problem drinking was substantial among mothers. 5. Responsible sexual behavior In the continental U.S., Puerto Rican adolescents have a relatively high rate of pregnancy among unmarried mothers, higher than for other Hispanic groups or for white women. These women tended to be poorly educated, and to have limited access to early pre-natal care. Puerto Ricans have been reported to be at greater risk of contracting AIDS through sexualShow MoreRelatedHealth Issues Of Health Care1694 Words   |  7 Pages Health Issue: Access to Health Services The advancement of medical technology and knowledge has extended human lifetimes and increased the quality of life. Vaccinations, routine screenings, pharmaceuticals, and imaging technology have allowed mothers to have healthier babies, children to avoid missing school due to illness, and seniors to enjoy the company of their grandchildren. The advantages of health care are numerous, but there are those are not able to reap its benefits. All around the worldRead MoreHealth Issues Of Ill Health3083 Words   |  13 Pagesis important that patterns of ill health are monitored as the Department of Health need to know where to target the funds, and need to know what areas they need to target. 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The field is gaining recognition in part because of its emphasis on combining theory and practice in understanding communication processes and changing human behaviors†Read MoreThe Issue Of Public Health1622 Words   |  7 PagesSummary The term â€Å"Public Health† describes how a society strives to keep the conditions of the public to be healthy to all individuals. The healthcare industry continues to change for the good of society, although the pedagogy in the universities that teaches our future healthcare professionals are lagging in their changes to the curriculum. There is a need to change our public health major to a population health major. Population health is not just policies and programs to keep public societyRead MoreHealth Issues Of Health Informatics918 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Informatics has been around for ages, but over the pass ten plus years the profession has increased with higher demand. Health informatics is one of the nation’s largest growth industries. 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There are many health organizations trying to eliminate and lower the rates of these diseases andRead MoreContemporary Health Issue1425 Words   |  6 PagesContemporary Health Issue 1 Contemporary Health Issue Part II: Mandatory Overtime Contemporary Health Issue 2 The Legislative Process Behind Limiting Mandatory Overtime Introduction Nurses of the 21 century are expected to act quickly and appropriately when confronted with various complex clinical situations in this competitive healthcare market. Nurses cannot do so if they lack the fundamental knowledge of the regulations and statutes that have been established by their particularRead MoreObesity Is A Significant Health Issue1594 Words   |  7 Pagesa significant health issue that is continuing to spread and intensify throughout elementary school nationwide. It can be best defined as â€Å"an excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass† (â€Å"Childhood Obesity†). This harmful health condition is a condition that severely negatively impacts the students in all aspects of their lives physically, socially, and mentally. It also effects the educators and parents on a large scale. Obesity is a significant prolonged issue that continuesRead MoreHealth Issues Of The United States2497 Words   |  10 Pagesmillions of Americans is poor health. Poor health can be defined as two things: unstable mental state or unstable physical state. The United States of America has experienced both of these characteristics with its citizens. Americans have been hit hard with these health issues for decades. America is one of the unhealthiest countries in the world and many people do not understand why. There is a strong correlation between mental health and physical health. One health issue can lead to another, which

The American Civil War West Virginia - 2233 Words

West Virginia had a unique journey to statehood considering it was a product of the American Civil War. However, the journey can be traced back as far as 1776 when tension mounted between eastern regions and the western regions of Virginia, where only white males in possession of at least 25 acres of improved land were granted voting rights by the Virginia Constitution (Birthday.wv.gov par. 1). The eastern region of the state was therefore favored by this legal provision and as a result, it led to discontent with the western regions of the state (Sullivan 159). Furthermore, population factors were ignored by the Virginia constitution when deciding the number of delegates from each county. In this regard, the eastern region of the state was†¦show more content†¦George A. Porterfield engaged in one of the first land battles of the war on June 3, 1861 (Wolfe 9). Philippi was a strategic town, south of Grafton, and the Union forces determined to control the region and drove the Rebel forces back to secure an early victory in the war. As a result of the Union victory, Rebels were denied access to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which hurt their efforts in the western regions of Virginia, while Union resolve in western Virginia was strengthened. Such a victory brought great political strength to region of western Virginia, consequently weakening the political hierarchy of eastern Virginia. Unmoved by the Union victory at Philippi, eastern politicians sought to secede from the Union. As a result, they crafted the Virginia ordinance of secession and had the political numbers to annul the ordinance at the Wheeling Convention. Moreover, the convention named eastern politician Francis H. Pierpont as Virginia governor after the federal government and state government offices at Richmond fell vacant (Sullivan 159). The â€Å"restored† government of Virginia took control, but the political differences between the western and eastern Virginia had only just be gun. The Election of Abraham Lincoln The election of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States of America on March 4, 1861 marked another significant chapter in Western Virginia’s journey to statehood (Brisbin 269). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War : A Central Event Of America s Historical Consciousness Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pages Civil War Professor Lenza Zachary Blaisdell 12/6/16 â€Æ' The Civil War is a central event of America s historical consciousness. Whereas the revolution from 1776 to 1783 created the United States, it was decided what kind of country it will be after the civil war. This war solved the two fundamental problems that were not solved by the revolution: whether the United States is an indivisible state of a union of sovereign countries or a state sovereign state. 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Health Contributions Various Populations

Question: Discuss about the Health Contributions for Various Populations. Answer: Introduction The end of the last century was a landmark in the history of modern societies for its health contributions to the various populations of the world, particularly the older people. In Australia, the enhanced health care was the greatest, causing a considerable decrease in their mortality. Though the health status is a continuum, the health care system is often criticized for its diverse policy formulations, life quality, and self reliance in older people. The problem partly lies in the laxity of families and communities, as well as the socioeconomic and health service delivery systems, in becoming supportive of older people. That means, the system is more inclined to the conditions in which the Australians are born, brought up, live, and toil, as well as the all encompassing social, political, and economic factors (AIHW, 2014). The situation makes it a necessity for the concerned, to identify the elements of old age- health services that are impacting on the Australian economy, policy, and the various components of health care. It is true that the health care approaches of Australia are initiated, considering the needs of its different population, by sex, age, health history, attitude and behaviors, geographies, socioeconomic backgrounds, and cultural traits. For the effective working of the Australian health system, there exists a web of governance and support engineering, that propel policies, law making, coordination, control and funding, facilitating the delivery of quality services. These mechanisms regulate the planning and implementation of service delivery, jointly shared by the governmental and non-governmental bodies (AIHW, 2014). In spite of all these systems that are said to be effective, the older people are still vulnerable to poor and inhumane treatment (Kollmorgen, 2016). Australia's health system for older people Currently, the Australians live healthier with a longer life span than the earlier generations. During the 1960s, the life expectancy for males and females was 74 and 67 years, respectively (AIHW, 2016). The recent mortality status shows that the females who were born in 2013 might live, till they reach the age of 84 (AIHW, 2016). Compared to this, the males have a life expectancy of 80 years. The increase in life expectancy is due to the fact that the Australians are getting more access to high-quality health services that provide greater living standards. According to the recent health data, the number of Australians aged 65 and above have tripled in the last fifty years, and has reached 3.4 million in the year 2014 (AIHW, 2016). Similarly, those people who were aged 85 and above recorded an astonishing ninefold increase in life expectancy during the same period (AIHW, 2016). The Australian Bureau of Statistics predicts that by 2064, the number of aged people of 65 and above will r each 9.6 million, and those aged 85 and above will become 1.9 million (AIHW, 2016). The accountability of these statistics is in mist for some, as there are allegations that many of the assessment made by the Australian Aged Care Quality Agency (AACQA) is far from the actual (Kollmorgen, 2016). However, the claim of Australia about improving the mortality rate among the older population must be seen with a confirmatory perspective, as the global health status of older people has not shown an encouraging trend in the past few years. It is apt to note here that the World Health Organization has already admitted in its recent report that the global life expectancy during the year 2015 was only 71.4 years (WHO, 2016). This affirms that Australias health status represents the positive outcomes of a competitive approach of the Australian health system, and that there would arise situations of increased illnesses, like arthritis, dementia, and the likes, and several impairments, including hearing loss, which are the direct accompaniments when people get older (AIHW, 2016). The accumulation of physical alterations and psychological changes that occur naturally over time in a person will increase the life expectancy, causing increased risk of aging-associated diseases (Disabled Worl d, 2016). In spite of these disadvantages, most of the Australians feel that their health is quite good, reducing the demand for extended aged care services (AIHW, 2016). Australian health service-An overview A countrys health system, with its complexities, work within a political and institutional framework, incorporating all public and private organizations and resources towards maintaining and restoring health, all the while reforming the operation of the health system (Kutzin Sparkes, 2016). As per the World Health Organization, a quality health system delivers quality health care to all people (AIHW, 2014). If the definition is taken as the guiding principle, Australias health service system conforms to the quality health service criteria, performing through multi level functional mechanisms, like public and private health care providers in multi settings, with relevant supporting and delivery systems. The key players in the system are the health care givers and the care receivers, consisting of medical practitioners, nurses, health care workers, hospitals, clinics, and governmental and non-governmental agencies. They are supposed to deliver multiple health services, such as public health services, hospital treatment, community centered preventive services, primary care, emergency health care, rehabilitation, and palliative care (AIHW, 2014). Yet, the aging population of Australia is more dependent on the predominant care and support from family and friends, who are mostly women (CPA, 2014). The health service structure, functioning, and reforms The public sector involves local, state, and territory governments, as well as the Australian government (AIHW, 2014). The private sector care providers are the pharmacies, private hospitals, and the medical practices. The public or government hospitals get their financial support from the state, territory, and the Government of Australia, and are controlled by the states and territorial governments. The private sector hospitals have their own management and infrastructure. Apart from imparting health services to the public, the Australian government and the allied bodies manage the funding and delivery of several other systems of health care. These include (i) the population health care programs, (ii) the community oriented health services, (iii) the researches in medical and health, (iv) the health services for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, (v) the mental health care, and (vi) the health infrastructure (AIHW, 2014). In spite of these elaborate health service provision s, there are several shortcomings, which keep the system away from addressing the needs of the older Australians. For instance, there are complaints that the staffing is inadequate and the care is substandard (even though the existing legislation forbids it), placing the aged care in peril (Kollmorgen, 2016). The people get their initial health care when they fall ill and meet the general practitioners (GP). After the initial diagnosis, the GPs may refer the patients to specialists or public hospitals to initiate better treatment options. Though these two steps seem to be the primary activities of the health care system, it involves several providers in various settings, aided by the legislative, regulatory, and funding mechanisms. The configuration of health services varies from one geographical location to another, but the common elements of health care do not change at all (AIHW, 2014), and yet boasting about an efficient funding system, trained and skilled workforce, decisions and policies, material provisions, quality medicines, and technologies to meet the requirement. The failure of the system is evidenced by the fact that the NSW parliamentary inquiry conducted last year, have located 93 NSW nursing homes, that were supposed to provide aged care facilities, lacking accreditation s tandards for more than three years. This means that most of the aging Australians were not having access to the basic needs of nutrition, hydration and safety, during the past few years. At the national level, there were 371 failures of this kind, in the same period, which is an eye opener to the grave situation, the aging people are facing in the health care sector (Kollmorgen, 2016). Therefore, the health service system needs to focus on universal health coverage, offering equity in service and quality, and removing the fear about financial hardship in using the services. Since people require both individual and public health services, private and public services are delivered to optimize quality outcome. The strengthening of the health system should be maintained through stringent policy instruments that underline universal health coverage reforms (Kutzin Sparkes, 2016). Such interventions must be based on cost effectiveness for older people, in order to focus on improving their health status. To facilitate this, new instruments need to be developed to cope with the declining health status, due to the emergent socioeconomic reasons, as the older people value the components of health and social dignity, in terms of quality of life (Luszcz, M.A., Milte, C.M., Walker, R., 2014). In Australia, the health sector is the States responsibility, even though the Commonwealth Government enjoys more power in raising revenue. This necessitates the States to depend on the financial transfers from the National government to meet the expenditure of the health care systems. The complex division of roles, power, and responsibilities cause the systems rely on public, as well as the private sectors. The system is funded mainly through taxation, and the governments contribution is 43% of the total expenditure, while other sources provide 25%. The Medicare covers public hospitals, pharmaceuticals, and medical services. The government provides subsidies for private health insurance protection (Commonwealth Fund, 2017). Types of health care The principal users of the Australian health system are the Australian citizens, foreigners visiting Australia, visa holders (temporary/permanent), and the asylum seekers. The health care sector consists of primary health care, secondary health care, and hospitals, where various health care professionals deliver primary health care services through different settings. Though a large part of the expenditure goes to primary health care (AIHW, 2014), the required transparency is wanting. The Productivity Commission's 2011 inquiry has pointed out this aspect in its report Caring for Older Australians, by stating that the funding models for nursing homes and their residents must be made more transparent and affordable for the aging people (Kollmorgen, 2016). Presently, the funding for primary health care includes the financial support to health organizations that give care services to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Department of Health, 2016), like The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework (HPF), for coordinating the health sector activities to derive better outcomes among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (Department of Health, 2016a). The Secondary care denotes the medical service rendered by a specialist/faculty, on a referral from the primary care physicians (Nicholson, 2012). To address the health care needs of the aging people, the government is all set to implement a new funding model in February 2017, in which the allocations will be made straight to them instead of channelling it through the service providers. This will enable older people to avail better care than before (The Commonwealth Fund, 2016). Health care reforms The health care system of Australia is successful in extending quality health at a reasonable cost, and by its virtue the Australians now enjoy a greater life expectancy with a long healthy life. This performance was derived out of the intermingling of the public and private services, and sharing the responsibilities between the national and state governments. Although this system supported the primary care effectively, there was a lack of proper coordination in managing care (Hall, 2015). The factors that steer health reforms are complex, multidimensional, and interlinked.Australias population is growing and will live longer than before, increasing health costs and sustainability threats. Such a population, with sedentary lifestyles, and low health literacy and high consumer expectations need advanced medical technology (Bartlett, C., Butler, S., Haines, L., 2016). The compelling need has already forced the government to give priority in committing reforms in the aged care system t hat is supporting the older Australians, while making it more affordable and sustainable (DOH, 2017a). The significance of the National Health Reform Agreement of 2011, arise in this context, as it is the most important reform after Medicare in 1984. The reform process was started in 2007 under the Kevin Rudd Labor Government. At that time there were hardships in public hospitals, such as long waiting for elective surgery, overcrowding in emergency departments, and safety and quality issues. The Federal government, states and territories blamed each other on insufficient funding and fund management. As a result, the new Government instituted the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission to formulate reforms in the health sector. The Commissions Final Report, was subjected to various levels of negotiations and changes in the Commissions recommendations (Commonwealth Fund, 2017a). The revised funding package of the government responds to several issues that were hovering over the health sector, by making it more advantageous to Aged Care(DOH, 2017a). The Commissions report contained 123recommendations (Bennett, 2013). The key principles of the reform are: The local decision making: It pertains to the establishment of Local Health Networks that are responsible for regulating the public hospitals, as well as the State health programs. The Local Health Networks are entitled to receive Commonwealth funding directly, and are made responsible for the managing and monitoring of own budgets and delivery of services, thereby transferring the States responsibility of direct involvement in the working of public hospitals to overseeing and managing them. Activity based funding (ABF): This establishes a national system for classifying coding scheme to ensure the steady collection of national data and fixing an efficient price, suggested by the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (IHPA). The Authority has the responsibility for determining the nationally efficient price. The ABF came into force on July 1st of 2012 catering the needs of acute inpatients, hospital outpatient services, and emergency department services. In order to address mental health and sub acute health care, the ABF was made applicable on 1st July, 2013. The Agreement supports block funding for facilities and services to areas where ABF is not feasible, and allows to continue joint funding of national and states governments for running public hospitals (Commonwealth Fund, 2017) Public performance reporting: Under the provisions of this reform the National Health Performance Authority (NHPA) is constituted to watch the functioning of public hospitals, by means of thewebsite: myhospitals. The NHPA will furnish a series of reports on the functioning of primary care to maintain national consistency. The newly formed 61 Medicare Locals are geographically based, having the responsibility of managing all activities of primary care, including identification of service gaps and developing strategies to fill the gaps, and integrating and coordinating the services. The main aim of the reforms is the restructuring and innovating the public hospital system, with enhanced facilities for preventive activities (Commonwealth Fund, 2017). The reform will bring together all of the key players of the health systems to ensure a high quality delivery of health care to patients, incorporating new technologies. It will also enable the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and rem ote communities who are isolated from the rest of the Australian society to access health care easily (Perkovic, 2015). The models of health care The adoption of new health care models, like walk-in centers, provides high quality care quickly, for managing minor illnesses and injuries. It enhances the access to public health care in the ACT community, adding value to health promotion (ACT Health, 2015). Other models of care are the personally controlled electronic health (e-health) records (Department of Health 2016b) and tele-health services. The tele-health service utilizes the latest communication technologies, like video conferencing for transferring health information and delivering health services for older people living in remote settings (Department of Health, 2015). DiversityConceptualModel Though the majority of older Australians is enjoying quality in life, the subgroups do not have adequate health. People, like Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have a shorter life expectancy of 12 years than the other Australians. The low level literacy affects their interaction with the health care system, resulting in increased physical and mental health issues in older people, especially the lesbians, gay, and Transgenders, contributing severe health disparities. Therefore, the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (2009) has insisted for more reforms in the aged care system, to cope with the demands of the older population in diverse settings. Since the government has adopted diversity as a policy for the reforms in the aged care sector, the health care providers and institutions are incorporating diversity in aged care delivery. Accordingly, a Diversity Conceptual Model was developed for employing it in the aged care sector, for linking diversity as an advantage, while identifying the negative elements in health care delivery. TheDiversityConceptualModel was developed with the help of literature review, questionnaire, target groups, and stakeholder interviews, and got approved by the Clinical Governance Committee for implementation. The participants in this model included external service providers from CALD backgrounds, Indigenous Australians, older people with dementia, and LGBTI people. Additionally, people with dementia and Indigenous Australians, along with a national service provider working in residential aged care facilities. During its development phase, though a detailed search in various literature was made, it could not evolve any tool for supporting the aged care sector. Therefore, the Model included twelve diversity characteristics shared by aging people, according to the special needs groups that are identified in the Aged Care Act 1997, as well as the human rights based approach for ageing and health. The Diversity Conceptual Model considered a diversity approach for addressing all sorts of differences and disadvantages, because the exiting tool, like the Australian Bureau of Statistics Socio?Economic Indexes for Areas, was not designed for the aged care. Moreover, many of the aged care service providers are extending service to the diverse older people, with a policy of caring equally and same, which will not be enough, as it only increase disparities in health care. So, the Model focused more on equity in policy, access, quality of care, sharing, and organizational participation. After incorporating all the relevant information, five themes were worked out for constructing the Diversity Conceptual Model. These themes were: (1) Reason for referral (2) Cultural identity with diversity characteristics (3) Diversity characteristics that are shared in common by the aged people (4) Quality improvements for increased equity, and (5) Application of client narratives for using in the Div ersity Conceptual Model. TheModel thus developed, acted as a visual tool, comprising of several elements that are centered on diversity characteristics. With this model, the gains and loss are identified effectively, in helping the aged people to achieve greater benefits. It also provided consistent quality improvement provisions, along with enhanced equity sharing for them (Michael, 2016). Health Care Policy The health system in Australia is an amalgamation of government funding and private financial resources with a vague jurisdictional line. The system has a policy involving multiple providers and regulatory instruments, and is known to possess a mixed system (Biggs, 2013). It is a mixture of federal and state government responsibilities and funding, and the service delivered through both public and private sectors. The states, territories, and the national government jointly fund the public hospitals, where the states act as hospital system managers. The federal government will have the lead responsibility of primary health care. Private hospitals work as per the requirement of the federal and state governments. The states have the right to the licensing of private hospitals, while the private health insurance is controlled by the national government (OECD, 2015). The key elements of the policy are: (i) integrating health care at governmental level, (ii) improving the information transfer between the health care services, (iii) promoting medical home type primary health, (iv) improving the quality of health care and preventive health care (v) public reporting of health care variation and raising awareness, (vi) informing the practitioners regarding their practice patterns, (vii) improving the shared decisions among patients, (viii) supporting the practitioners by clinical guidelines and decision tools, and (ix) implementing the complementary payment system (OECD, 2015). The primary health care integration at macro levels have strengths and weaknesses, along with weaknesses and opportunities. The integration policies supporting the Australian health reforms call for stakeholders cooperation, consistency in performance, and target oriented objectives. The interdependency of the national government, and the State and Territory governments with the shared policies, promote opportunities for building efficiency, through sharing resources and patients care perception. The difference in the health care approaches of the multiple level governments has potential to reflect the disparities in the care delivered and the distance in accessing the care by the different populations (Brown, L., Bywood P Oliver-Baxter J, 2013). The Australian Government is supporting all forms of continuous and respite residential aged care, determined by needs assessment (The Commonwealth Fund, 2016). The impact of providing health service to older people The health service system in Australia provides residential aged care, as well as community-based aged care for the older population. Initially, the older people enter the community-based care, and then to permanent residential care. The residential aged care includes permanent care, as well as respite care. The community based aged care is divided into two, namely, the Commonwealth Home Support Program (CHSP) and the Home Care Packages Program (HCPP). The first one provides entry level support services and helps the older people to live independently at home. The second one extends four levels of support. In addition to these are several other packages, like the Transition Care Program, the Veteran's Home Care Program, and the Multi Purpose Services Program, for special groups that live in mixed settings. In spite of all these, a good part of the caring for aged people in the community rests on informal caregivers, such as family, friends, and neighbors who are unpaid, and render se rvice on emotional grounds (AIHW, 2017a). The available statistics show that 7.8% of the people aged 65 and above were availing residential aged care, and 2.4% of people aged 65 and above received home care during 201314. Additionally, 263,788 subsidized operational settings were made available to them the same year (AIHW, 2017a). The revelation is an eye opener to the strain on the health care system, due to the burden of old age care. The increasing number of older people demands more workload from the health care providers and caregivers. Moreover, the reduced pay and low level of employment have transformed aged care an unwanted profession for the workforce. Many caregivers feel that age care services is not at all promising to stick with, as a career. The situation is an indicator of the problems the old aged people and the health care system face (Berechee, 2013). Various studies on the health status of the older people and their reduced mortality rate have predicted that by 2050, the number of aged people who are between 65 and 84 will double and that the people who are 85 and above will increase to 1.8 million from the present 0.4 million (Private Healthcare Australia, 2016). That means the real health expenditure for the aged people who are over 65 would increase seven times and the people above 85 will increase 12 times. These rises in life expectancy will create a crisis in the health care sector, demanding more and more medical services, pharmaceuticals, newer technologies, and drugs. Moreover, the ageing population and associated health issues will impose unprecedented economic and social constraints on the communitys socioeconomic settings. Therefore, it is essential to develop new strategies to cope with such situations (Private Healthcare Australia, 2016). Aged care spending As per the health statistics 201112, the direct expenditure incurred by the Government of Australia on ageing care programs and services was $12.9 billion, excluding the expenditure incurred by the government and statutory bodies in other areas of health care. It is estimated that the residential aged care alone incurred an expenditure of $9 billion, while $3 billion was spent on community care (AIHW, 2017b). The Intergenerational Report 2015 underlines that the longer life expectancy coupled with the rise in health costs, will crumble the budget allocations, threatening the health service sustainability. The rise in the rate of aging people, passive lifestyles, poor level health literacy, increased consumer expectations, and higher incidents of chronic diseases will strain the whole system of health care (Bartlett, C., Butler, S., Haines, L., 2016). Though population ageing is a global phenomenon, it will create major challenges along with opportunities that affects the health econ omics, as well as geriatrics (Couzner, L., Crotty, Laver, K., , Ratcliffe, J., 2012). Conclusion The Australian health care system provides quality health care to the Austalians, and as a result, the life expectancy of older people increased considerably. People live healthier with a longer life span than the previous generations. This increase shows that the older Australians are getting more access to high-quality health services that provide greater living standards. However, such reduction in mortality rates poses long standing challenges to the future economy and health care system, as it would invite more fund allocation and resources for meeting the demand of quality health care for the older people. The health care reforms were intended to meet such contingencies, but it is insufficient to address the future health care demands. However, a systemic change and positive collaboration between the Commonwealth government, and the governments of the States and territories could address the problem efficiently. Though the primary health care integration at macro levels have st rengths and weaknesses, it generates tremendous opportunities in building up healthcare efficiency of the older people in the long term, through sharing resources with a vision for the future. References ACT Health. (2015). Walk-in Centre: History. Model of Care. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://ihic.improve.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A7_KEUN.pdf AIHW. (2014). Australias health series no. 14. Cat. no. AUS 178. Government of Australia, Canberra. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129547764 AIHW. (2016). Ageing. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/ageing/ AIHW. (2017a). Aged care. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/aged-care/ AIHW. (2017b). Aged Care in Australia. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/aged-care/residential-and-community-2011-12/aged-care-in-australia/ Bartlett, C., Butler, S., Haines, L. (2016). Reimagining health reform in Australia: Taking a systems approach to health and wellness. Strategy PWC. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/reports/health-reform-australia Bennett, C. C. (2013). Are we there yet? A journey of health reform in Australia. Med J Aust; 199 (4): 251-255. doi: 10.5694/mja13.10839. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2013/199/4/are-we-there-yet-journey-health-reform-australia Berechee, C. (2013). Australias ageing population at the centre of political discussions. Reportage. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.reportageonline.com/2013/08/australia%E2%80%99s-ageing-population-to-impact-health-care-and-employment/ Biggs, A. (2013). Health in Australia: a quick guide. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/QG/HealthAust CPA. (2014). The care and support of older people an international perspective. Centre for Policy on Ageing.Retrieved 24 January, 2017 from https://www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/EN-GB/For-professionals/Research/CPA-International_care_and_support_of_older_people.pdf?dtrk=true Commonwealth Fund. (2017). Health Care System and Health Policy in Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/grants-and-fellowships/fellowships/australian-american-health-policy-fellowship/health-care-system-and-health-policy-in-australia Commonwealth Fund. (2017a). Recent Reforms in the Australian Health System. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/grants-and-fellowships/fellowships/australian-american-health-policy-fellowship/recent-reforms-in-the-australian-health-system Department of Health. (2015). Telehealth. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/e-health-telehealth Department of Health. (2016). Primary Health Care. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/indigenous-primary-health-care-lp Department of Health. (2016a). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/oatsih_heath-performanceframework Department of Health. (2016b). My Health Record. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/ehealth-record Department of Health. (2017). Ageing and Aged Care. Government of Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://agedcare.health.gov.au/programs Department of Health. (2017a). 2016-17 Budget changes to the Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI). Government of Australia. Retrieved 24 January, 2017 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/MC16-023476+-+ACFI Disabled World. (2016-10-30). Aging: Associated Diseases Information. Retrieved 24 January, 2017 from https://www.disabled-world.com/health/aging/ Hall, J. (2015). Australian Health Care The Challenge of Reform in a Fragmented System. N Engl J Med; 373:493-497A. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1410737?af=Rrss=currentIssue#t=article Kollmorgen, A. (2016). Age-old problems. Choice. Retrieved January, 2017 from https://www.choice.com.au/health-and-body/healthy-ageing/ageing-and-retirement/articles/nursing-home-problems Kutzin, J., Sparkes, S. P. (2016). Health systems strengthening, universal health coverage, health security and resilience. Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 94:2. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from ://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.165050. Michael, J. (2016). Diversity Conceptual Model for aged care: Person?centred and difference?oriented and connective with a focus on benefit, disadvantage and equity.Australasian Journal on Ageing,35(3), 210215. Retrieved 26 January, 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108464/ Milte, C.M., Walker, R., Luszcz, M.A. (2014). How Important Is Health Status in Defining Quality of Life for Older People? An Exploratory Study of the Views of Older South Australians. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 12: 73. doi:10.1007/s40258-013-0068-3. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40258-013-0068-3 Nicholson, C. (2012).Development of a framework for integrated primary/secondary health care governance in Australia. Presentation at Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. 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Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.privatehealthcareaustralia.org.au/have-you-got-private-healthcare/why-private-health-insurance/ageing-australia/ Ratcliffe, J., Laver, K., Couzner, L., Crotty, M. (2012). Health Economics and Geriatrics: Challenges and Opportunities. DOI: 10.5772/33549. Retrieved January 5, 2017 from https://www.intechopen.com/books/geriatrics/health-economic-evaluation-and-geriatrics-challenges-and-opportunities The Commonwealth Fund. (2016). International Profiles of Health Care Systems, 2015. Retrieved 24 January, 2017 from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/fund-report/2016/jan/1857_mossialos_intl_profiles_2015_v7.pdf WHO. (2016). World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. ISBN 978 92 4 156526 4.

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Unt College Essay Topics You Should Write On

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